Interactive simulation
The capacitor sawtooth and output square of the classic astable.
The capacitor ramps between Vcc/3 and 2Vcc/3 (dashed lines): the output is high while C charges through R1+R2 and low while it discharges through R2 alone, so duty always stays above 50%.
What you can change
ADC quantizationHow many bits before the staircase disappears into the sine?
ADC sampling & aliasingSample a sine too slowly and watch the alias ghost appear.
Battery dischargeLi-ion, LiFePO4, NiMH and alkaline curves under real load.
Bode plotGain against frequency on a log axis — where a filter actually stops working.
Boost converterCoil, switch and diode turning 12 V into 24 V — and the input current the load never sees.
Buck converterSwitch, coil and diode making 12 V into 5 V — watch the ripple and the CCM edge.
Class-AB crossoverThe notch you hear at every zero crossing, and the bias current that closes it.
Comparator & hysteresisWhy a noisy signal needs a Schmitt trigger — watch the chatter meter.