Interactive simulation
How many bits before the staircase disappears into the sine?
At 1–3 bits the staircase is gross, audible distortion; past 10 bits the orange steps hug the teal input and the red error collapses — which is why adding even more bits stops mattering.
ADC sampling & aliasingSample a sine too slowly and watch the alias ghost appear.
Battery dischargeLi-ion, LiFePO4, NiMH and alkaline curves under real load.
Bode plotGain against frequency on a log axis — where a filter actually stops working.
Boost converterCoil, switch and diode turning 12 V into 24 V — and the input current the load never sees.
Buck converterSwitch, coil and diode making 12 V into 5 V — watch the ripple and the CCM edge.
Class-AB crossoverThe notch you hear at every zero crossing, and the bias current that closes it.
Comparator & hysteresisWhy a noisy signal needs a Schmitt trigger — watch the chatter meter.
Current mirrorOne transistor sets the current, its twin copies it — until the load runs out of headroom.